The Swedish economy
Long-term policies and a global approach have made Sweden's economic growth possible. Find out more.
Committee of experts
The Swedish Fiscal Policy Council audits the government’s policy decisions regarding public finances, and ensure that these remain consistent with the goals of growth, employment and long-term financial sustainability.
The Swedish economy has been relatively stable over the last few decades and has, on the whole, grown steadily since 1970. But there have been challenging times in between.
In the late 1980s and early 1990s, the Swedish economy suffered from low growth and high inflation, and the Swedish krona was repeatedly devalued. During the severe financial crisis in the early 1990s, Swedish banks became unstable and two were nationalised, unemployment rose sharply and government spending soared, as did national debt.
The path back to stability was not easy. But by pursuing reforms – and sticking to them – Sweden transformed its economy, paving the way for robust growth in the face of global economic uncertainty.
Swedish GDP:
SEK 6,207 billion (2023)
The gross domestic product (GDP) is the market value of all goods and services produced in a country during one year.
A balanced budget
Sweden's national debt to GDP ratio has mostly fallen since 1995, and has remained lower than the Euro Zone average. All three leading credit agencies give Sweden the highest credit rating, which is rare, even among developed economies.
Since the crisis of the 1990s, successive Swedish governments have managed to maintain control over public spending, and continued to do so even in the wake of the 2008 global financial crisis. This was made possible by Sweden reinventing its economic governance with a series of regulations.
First, in 1996, a ceiling for public spending (utgiftstak) was introduced. This was accompanied by the addition of the ‘surplus goal’ (överskottsmålet), where public financial savings are measured in relation to GDP over a business cycle.
These reforms have helped prevent the accumulation of debt and ensure that the national debt is kept in check. The 'debt anchor' (skuldankare), introduced in 2019, is a complement aimed at keeping long-term debt at 35 per cent of GDP.
That same year, Sweden’s surplus goal was lowered from 1 per cent to 0.33 per cent, and in 2024, the Government – backed by a parliament majority – announced the plan to replace the surplus goal with a balanced budget target in 2027.
A dynamic economy
Today, Sweden has a diverse and highly competitive economy. In the the IMD World Competitiveness Ranking 2024 – which ranked 67 economies – Sweden came sixth.
According to the World Bank, a key feature of the Swedish economy is its openness and liberal approach to trade and doing business. Sweden has traditionally been an export-orientated nation, and typically maintains a trade surplus, i.e. the value of goods and services it exports is greater than the value of imports.
From startups to unicorns
In addition to maintaining competitiveness in goods and manufacturing, growth in service sectors such as information and communications technology (ICT) has been strong in Sweden. Sweden has produced many 'unicorns' – companies that become valued at more than USD 1 billion while unlisted – such as video game developers King and Mojang, fintech company Klarna and music streaming service Spotify (some of which have since become listed on stock exchanges).
Human rights
Corporate social responsibility is key to Swedish business. The government has an obligation to protect human rights and businesses have a responsibility to respect human rights. International guidelines include the OECD Guidelines for Multinational Enterprises on Responsible Business Conduct, the UN Global Compact, the UN Guiding Principles on Business and Human Rights and the ILO core conventions.
